Exam # 2

1. Which is an environmental problem concerning the growing of sugarcane?
a. conversion of tropical coastal wetlands
b. soil erosion and coral reef destruction
c. species loss
d. wastewater pollution from mills
e. all are correct

2. What type of sugar is the most refined?
a. brown sugar
b. honey
c. raw sugar
d. white sugar

3. What makes vanilla so expensive?
a. can only be grown in dense rainforests
b. few fruit (beans) are harvested per vine
c. grown only in Tahiti
d. needs to be hand pollinated

4. What is the area of origin for the chili pepper?
a. Africa
b. Central America and South America
c. India
d. Mediterranean and Middle East

5. Which was one of the first uses of spices such as nutmeg and cloves for Europeans?
a. mask unpleasant food odors
b. to give flavor to chocolate
c. prolongs the shelf life of grains such as rice
d. used as insect attractants

6. Which is FALSE regarding rubber?
a. Goodyear vulcanized rubber with sulfur and heat
b. native of the Africa
c. natural rubber is smelly and sticky when warm
d. plantations formed in Malaysia and India

7. What part of the plant does rubber come from?
a. flower buds
b. fruit
c. roots
d. stems or tree trunks

8. Which plant extract is fossilized into jewelry?
a. amber
b. gum arabic
c. lacquer
d. rosin

9. What was used effectively for the treatment of malaria before 1940?
a. fever tree bark (quinine)
b. foxglove extract (digitoxin)
c. latex from opium poppies (codeine)
d. willow tree bark (salicin)

10. What term applies to an addiction that has withdrawal symptoms when the drug is no longer taken?
a. habit forming
b. physiological dependence
c. psychological dependence
d. tolerance

11. What term applies to a drug that acts like (mimics) the body’s neurotransmitter?
a. agonists
b. antagonists
c. inhibitor
d. receptor blocker

12. What is the active hallucinogenic chemical found in peyote??
a. ergotomine
b. mescaline
c. psilocybin
d. tetrahydrocannabinol

13. What did the British want opium to be used in China?
a. so the British had ports where they could smoke opium legally
b. the rulers of China used opium as a social status drug
c. they could purchase silk and spices from the Chinese for opium
d. to keep the Chinese populace addicted to opium and become non-productive

14. Which is FALSE regarding birth control pills?
a. birth control pills had a major impact on society and the women’s movement
b. Dr. Pincus conducted experiments in the guise for menstrual irregularities
c. the source of progesterone came from Mexican yams
d. trial runs were first carried out in Texas

15. What chemical is common to coffee, tea and cacao?
a. alcohol
b. caffeine
c. tetrahydrocannabinol
d. theobromine

16. Which species of coffee is commercially the most abundantly grown?
a. Coffea arabica
b. Coffea liberica
c. Coffea robusta or canephora
d. Coffea sativa

17. Which is an effect of moderate levels of caffeine on the body?
a. causes less urine production
b. decreases stomach acidity
c. relieves headaches
d. stimulates appetite

Essays

1. Discuss the types and production (plant origin) of sugar.

2. Discuss the role of the chemicals found in spices to plants and the uses of spices in the past and today to humans.

3. Discuss the history of rubber

4. Describe malaria and sickle cell anemia.

5. Discuss the original source, politics, trade and uses of quinine.

6. Discuss how birth control pills changed society in the 1960s.

7. Discuss the synapse in normal physiology and how drugs can influence the synapse.

8. Discuss the three different classifications of psychoactive drugs or how they modify the brain. Include a drug example for each and the source of the drug.

9. Discuss the history of tobacco.

10. List the pros and cons of shade and sun grown coffee.

11. Discuss organic coffee, sustainable farming of coffee and fair trade coffee.